PROTO-001 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
Mk II Model O spacesuit photograph

Mk II Model O

USAF · B.F. Goodrich
1956
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Established B.F. Goodrich as the lead US full-pressure suit contractor before Mercury existed"

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PROTO-002 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
Mk II Model R spacesuit photograph

Mk II Model R

USAF · B.F. Goodrich
1956
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Parallel development track alongside Model O testing different mobility solutions"

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PROTO-005 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
Navy Mark IV spacesuit photograph

Navy Mark IV

US Navy · B.F. Goodrich
1959
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"The most direct production line from naval aviation pressure suits to spaceflight hardware"

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VAR-001 IVA
Mercury IVA spacesuit photograph

Mercury IVA

NASA · B.F. Goodrich
1959–1963
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
22 lb
Life support
Vehicle provided
EVA duration
N/A

"Even a simple IVA suit needs water survival and cockpit visibility contingencies"

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RU-001 IVA
SK-1 / SK-2 spacesuit photograph

SK-1 / SK-2

Soviet Space Program · Zvezda
1961–1963
Pressure
300 hPa
System mass
TBD
Life support
Vehicle-supported open-loop + post-ejection oxygen
EVA duration
N/A

"Shows value of integrated survival architecture and the penalty of long-duration IVA wear in a rigidly seated posture"

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PROTO-006 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
SPD-143 Apollo Developmental AX1-L spacesuit photograph

SPD-143 Apollo Developmental AX1-L

NASA · ILC Industries
1963
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Apollo suit competition produced many parallel architecture studies before A7L was selected"

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PROTO-007 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
G3-C spacesuit photograph

G3-C

NASA · David Clark Company
1964
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Direct development step before the operational G4C suit used on Gemini IV"

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PROTO-008 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
A4-H Apollo Developmental spacesuit photograph

A4-H Apollo Developmental

NASA · ILC for Hamilton Standard
1964
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Part of the formal Apollo suit competition process between ILC, Hamilton Standard and Litton"

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PROTO-009 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
RX-2A spacesuit photograph

RX-2A

NASA / USAF · Litton Industries
1964
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Litton's hard-shell approach represented a fundamentally different architecture bet than ILC's soft-suit design"

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PROTO-010 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
RX-2 Legs with RX-2A Partial Torso spacesuit photograph

RX-2 Legs with RX-2A Partial Torso

NASA / USAF · Litton Industries
1964
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Component-level testing approach allowed Litton to isolate mobility problems by body region"

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VAR-004 IEVA
Gemini G4C + VCM spacesuit photograph

Gemini G4C + VCM

NASA · David Clark + AiResearch
1964–1965
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
41.75 lb (system)
Life support
VCM umbilical / vehicle-fed purge
EVA duration
N/A

"Suit performance cannot be separated from translation aids and workload planning"

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RU-002 EVA

BERKUT

Soviet Space Program · Zvezda
1965
Pressure
400 hPa
System mass
TBD
Life support
Open-loop backpack KP-55 oxygen
EVA duration
N/A

"Pressurized mobility and re-entry-to-airlock recovery must be a top-level requirement, not an afterthought"

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PROTO-011 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
RX-3 MOL Prototype spacesuit photograph

RX-3 MOL Prototype

USAF · Litton Industries
1965
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Entire MOL program and associated suit development cancelled in 1969 before any crewed flight"

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PROTO-012 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
A5-L Apollo Prototype spacesuit photograph

A5-L Apollo Prototype

NASA · ILC Industries
1965
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Iterative refinement process between A4-H and the eventual A7L flight suit"

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PROTO-013 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
Mk V Modified Suit spacesuit photograph

Mk V Modified Suit

US Navy · B.F. Goodrich
1968
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Naval pressure suit research continued in parallel with NASA programs through the late 1960s"

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PROTO-014 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
EX1-A Apollo Applications spacesuit photograph

EX1-A Apollo Applications

NASA · AiResearch Corporation
1968
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"AAP suit studies fed directly into eventual Skylab EVA suit requirements"

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PROTO-015 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
AES Apollo Applications (Chromel-R) spacesuit photograph

AES Apollo Applications (Chromel-R)

NASA · Litton Industries
1969
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Chromel-R material research directly informed later EMU and ISS suit outer-layer material choices"

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VAR-008 IEVA
Apollo A7L + PLSS-6 spacesuit photograph

Apollo A7L + PLSS-6

NASA · ILC Industries + Hamilton Standard
1966–1971
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
201 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS-6 nominal 6 hr
EVA duration
6 hours

"Lunar EVA required not just survival but sustained human work capability"

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VAR-009 IEVA
Apollo A7LB + PLSS-7 spacesuit photograph

Apollo A7LB + PLSS-7

NASA · ILC Industries + Hamilton Standard
1968–1975
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
212 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS-7 nominal 7 hr
EVA duration
7 hours

"Endurance and traversal demands exposed the need for mobility, dust robustness, and rover integration"

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PROTO-016 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
AX-3 spacesuit photograph

AX-3

NASA Ames Research Center · NASA Ames Research Center
1974
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"NASA occasionally developed suits in-house at Ames to maintain independent technical expertise alongside contractor programs"

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RU-007 IVA
Sokol KV-2 spacesuit photograph

Sokol KV-2

Roscosmos · Zvezda
1980–present
Pressure
400 hPa
System mass
TBD
Life support
Vehicle-supported open-loop
EVA duration
N/A

"Keep rescue-suit platforms on a managed block-upgrade path instead of deferring subsystem refresh for decades"

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VAR-012 EVA
Shuttle Baseline EMU spacesuit photograph

Shuttle Baseline EMU

NASA · Hamilton Standard + ILC
1976–2002
Pressure
4.3 psi / 29.6 kPa
System mass
254 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS nominal 8 hr
EVA duration
8 hours

"Dedicated EVA architecture dramatically improved work efficiency vs IEVA"

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RU-010 EVA

Orlan-M

Roscosmos · Zvezda
1997–present
Pressure
5.8 psi / 40 kPa
System mass
238 lb
Life support
Self-contained 100% O2 — 7 hr
EVA duration
7 hours

"Orbital EVA systems must be treated as maintainable fleets, not isolated suits"

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VAR-015 EVA

Enhanced EMU

NASA · Hamilton Sundstrand + ILC
1990–present
Pressure
4.3 psi / 29.6 kPa
System mass
309 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS 8 hr; regenerative CO2 removal
EVA duration
8 hours

"Long-life EVA programs shift from design problems to sustainment, anomaly and industrial-base problems"

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CN-001 IVA

Shenzhou IVA / Rescue Suit

CMSA / CNSA · CASC
2003–present
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Vehicle oxygen + emergency tanks
EVA duration
N/A

"Rescue suit discipline must be kept separate from EVA product line — do not overbuild IVA with EVA objectives"

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CN-002 EVA

Feitian Gen-1

CMSA / CNSA · CASC
2008
Pressure
400 hPa
System mass
TBD
Life support
Self-contained EVA backpack oxygen
EVA duration
N/A

"Pragmatic dual-track approach — import to reduce mission risk while demonstrating domestic capability simultaneously"

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VAR-020 IVA
Boeing Starliner Suit spacesuit photograph

Boeing Starliner Suit

Boeing · Boeing + David Clark Company
2019–present
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Vehicle-supplied via umbilical connector
EVA duration
N/A

"Demonstrates two parallel commercial crew suit philosophies — Boeing’s heritage David Clark design lineage versus SpaceX’s clean-sheet in-ho…"

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VAR-019 IVA
SpaceX IVA Suit spacesuit photograph

SpaceX IVA Suit

SpaceX · SpaceX (in-house, designed by Jose Fernandez)
2017–present
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Vehicle-supplied via single umbilical connector
EVA duration
N/A

"Commercial crew programs can compress decades of incremental government suit evolution into a single clean-sheet design by prioritizing manu…"

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CN-003 EVA

Feitian Gen-2 Tiangong

CMSA / CNSA · CASC
2021–present
Pressure
TBD
System mass
287 lb
Life support
Backpack PLSS — liquid cooling, oxygen, humidity, telemetry
EVA duration
7 hours

"Once a suit becomes a fleet asset, lifecycle economics and telemetry matter more than peak performance figures"

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PROTO-003 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
Mk IV Arrowhead spacesuit photograph

Mk IV Arrowhead

US Navy · B.F. Goodrich
late 1950s
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Naval and NASA pressure suit research tracks cross-pollinated significantly in this era"

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PROTO-004 Prototype EXPERIMENTAL
Mk IV Suit spacesuit photograph

Mk IV Suit

US Navy · B.F. Goodrich
1960s
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Not publicly documented
EVA duration
N/A

"Naval pressure suit lineage running parallel to NASA programs"

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RU-005 EVA

KRECHET

Soviet Space Program · Zvezda
1967–1972
Pressure
400 hPa
System mass
TBD
Life support
Self-contained backpack + lunar interfaces
EVA duration
N/A

"Rear-entry and semi-rigid architecture remain highly relevant for surface systems and suitport concepts"

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ESA-001 EVA

EVA Suit 2000

ESA + Russian Space Agency · European industry + Russian heritage
1992–1995
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Self-contained EVA life support concept
EVA duration
N/A

"Europe proved the rear-entry rapid-donning concept works — but without a funded anchor mission the architecture never matured"

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VAR-017 EVA
xEMU spacesuit photograph

xEMU

NASA · NASA in-house design
2019–2022
Pressure
8.2 psi / 56.5 kPa
System mass
TBD
Life support
Self-contained advanced PLSS concept
EVA duration
8 hours

"Exploration programs need firm mass control and stable mission assumptions before subsystem elaboration begins"

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VAR-018 EVA
AxEMU spacesuit photograph

AxEMU

NASA + Axiom Space · Axiom Space
2022–
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Commercial lunar PLSS
EVA duration
N/A

"Modern lunar design explicitly built around mobility, fit range and maintainability lessons from legacy systems"

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CN-004 EVA

Wangyu Lunar Suit

CMSA / CASC · CASC
2024–2030
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Self-contained lunar PLSS (details not public)
EVA duration
N/A

"Lunar suit must be treated as a new architecture branch — not an incremental Feitian derivative — due to dust, terrain and thermal differenc…"

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ESA-002 IVA

EuroSuit IVA Prototype

CNES + ESA · Spartan Space + MEDES + Decathlon
2024–present
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Vehicle-supported — spacecraft interfaces
EVA duration
N/A

"Non-traditional partners — sports equipment manufacturers, medical research institutes — can enter human spaceflight hardware through IVA ra…"

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