| Pressure | 5.8 psi / 40 kPa |
| Suit mass (1g) | 238 lb |
| Life support (primary) | Self-contained 100% O2 — 7 hr |
| Life support (backup) | Integrated reserve / vehicle procedures |
| EVA duration | 7 hours |
| Program | Mir / ISS |
| Agency | Roscosmos |
| Manufacturer | Zvezda |
| First use | 1997 |
| Status | Active lineage |
| Donning / entry | Semi-rigid rear-entry integrated body/helmet; on-board drying and recharge ecosystem |
Higher pressure reduces prebreathe burden; comparison with DMA shows HUT/backpack evolution; BSS station interfaces
Station EVA — Russian ISS segment operations
Storage/humidity control; consumables; refurbishment cadence; interface non-trivial with US segment
"Orbital EVA systems must be treated as maintainable fleets, not isolated suits"
Still operating on ISS. Fleet-maintenance lessons directly inform all next-generation EVA design
Unexpected arm growth when shoulder restraint cable failed; seized pulley caused overheating in crotch-thigh region
→ Critical restraint paths need redundancy or condition monitoring. Small mechanical hardware in pressure-load paths creates outsized crew risk
Suit inflation during Leonov's EVA made movement and airlock re-entry critically difficult — Leonov had to partially deflate to re-enter
→ Make ingress/egress and self-rescue a separate verification gate from EVA capability itself
Water entered Luca Parmitano's helmet during EVA — vision impaired, comms degraded, breathing compromised
→ Cooling-water management is a primary safety-critical function, not a nuisance issue. Contamination tolerance must be designed in from day one
Repeated orbital use shifted primary risk toward maintenance, drying, recharge, and replaceable component management
→ Not all critical failures are dramatic punctures. Slow fleet degradation from poor maintenance design matters as much as acute failures
"Shows value of integrated survival architecture and the penalty of long-duration IVA wear in a rigidly seated posture"
"Pressurized mobility and re-entry-to-airlock recovery must be a top-level requirement, not an afterthought"
"Rear-entry and semi-rigid architecture remain highly relevant for surface systems and suitport concepts"
