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United States Program

7 documented variants · View all nations →

VAR-001 IVA
Mercury IVA spacesuit photograph

Mercury IVA

NASA · B.F. Goodrich
1959–1963
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
22 lb
Life support
Vehicle provided
EVA duration
N/A

"Even a simple IVA suit needs water survival and cockpit visibility contingencies"

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VAR-004 IEVA
Gemini G4C + VCM spacesuit photograph

Gemini G4C + VCM

NASA · David Clark + AiResearch
1964–1965
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
41.75 lb (system)
Life support
VCM umbilical / vehicle-fed purge
EVA duration
N/A

"Suit performance cannot be separated from translation aids and workload planning"

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VAR-008 IEVA
Apollo A7L + PLSS-6 spacesuit photograph

Apollo A7L + PLSS-6

NASA · ILC Industries + Hamilton Standard
1966–1971
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
201 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS-6 nominal 6 hr
EVA duration
6 hours

"Lunar EVA required not just survival but sustained human work capability"

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VAR-009 IEVA
Apollo A7LB + PLSS-7 spacesuit photograph

Apollo A7LB + PLSS-7

NASA · ILC Industries + Hamilton Standard
1968–1975
Pressure
3.7 psi / 25.5 kPa
System mass
212 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS-7 nominal 7 hr
EVA duration
7 hours

"Endurance and traversal demands exposed the need for mobility, dust robustness, and rover integration"

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VAR-012 EVA
Shuttle Baseline EMU spacesuit photograph

Shuttle Baseline EMU

NASA · Hamilton Standard + ILC
1976–2002
Pressure
4.3 psi / 29.6 kPa
System mass
254 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS nominal 8 hr
EVA duration
8 hours

"Dedicated EVA architecture dramatically improved work efficiency vs IEVA"

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VAR-015 EVA

Enhanced EMU

NASA · Hamilton Sundstrand + ILC
1990–present
Pressure
4.3 psi / 29.6 kPa
System mass
309 lb (system)
Life support
PLSS 8 hr; regenerative CO2 removal
EVA duration
8 hours

"Long-life EVA programs shift from design problems to sustainment, anomaly and industrial-base problems"

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VAR-018 EVA

AxEMU

NASA + Axiom Space · Axiom Space
2022–
Pressure
TBD
System mass
TBD
Life support
Commercial lunar PLSS
EVA duration
N/A

"Modern lunar design explicitly built around mobility, fit range and maintainability lessons from legacy systems"

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